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Amorphophallus konjac:

Glucomannan is a plant fiber similar to cellulose but, unlike cellulose, it is soluble in water and its distinctive feature is its ability to absorb liquids up to 80-100 times its weight and swell, forming a gelatinous mass. Chemically, glucomannan consists of a polymer of glucose and mannose, with a high molecular weight, ranging between 200,000 and 2 million Daltons, with a ratio between the two sugar isomers of 1:1.6. The two sugars are linked by beta, 1-4 glucosidic bonds. The main functional and pharmacological properties of glucomannan are related to its ability to absorb liquids and its high swelling index (a parameter used to assess the degree of purity). Glucomannan is classified as a “soluble dietary fiber.” Preparations of glucomannan are mainly indicated for constipation and weight control. To perform its function, however, it is essential to take significant amounts of liquids along with the preparation containing glucomannan: in constipation it increases the viscosity of the food bolus reducing its residence time in the intestinal tract and decreasing the absorption of nutrients; in weight control, the formation of gel in the stomach contributes to the feeling of fullness and satiety and modulates the absorption of introduced foods, interfering with the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats (hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic action). The effectiveness of glucomannan as a tool for reducing body weight, as well as its activity on the metabolism of sugars and fats, has been demonstrated clinically. At the intestinal level, glucomannan is partially hydrolyzed by intestinal bacterial flora but is not absorbed, performing its functions as a “fiber.”

Garcinia Cambogia:

From the peel of the garcinia fruit, an extract rich in hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is obtained, stabilized and made easily assimilable as calcium or potassium salt, which intervenes in the synthesis of fats and the regulation of food intake. HCA is indeed able to slow down the endogenous synthesis of fatty acids by inhibiting the enzyme citrate lyase and to decrease appetite and the need for sugars without side effects. As a consequence, there is reduced conversion of excess sugars into fats, increased glycogen production, and a consequent reduction in hunger. It has also been shown that this acid can intervene in fat metabolism by reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood.

Plantago ovata:

The seeds are particularly rich in mucilage (arabinoxylans), proteins, an oil and iridoid glycosides like aucubin. The mucilages of ispaghul, like all mucilages, absorb water in the gastroenteric tract, swelling and creating a non-digestible, fluid, non-irritating gel. Its actions are multiple: it has a hunger-breaking effect, regulates intestinal transit, slows down food absorption; hence its use in weight loss treatments, constipation and hyperlipidemia.

Chitosan:

Chitosan, a soluble fiber derived from shellfish shells, consists essentially of oligomers of mannose and polymers of N-acetyl-glucosamine, in the intestinal environment, it gains a positive charge by binding, through electrostatic attraction, toxic peptides and fats.

Klamath algae:

A recent scientific analysis revealed the presence of the amino acid phenylethylamine (PEA) in Klamath. Phenylethylamine affects the mechanism of dopamine re-uptake. Dopamine is a monoamine that acts as an anorexic neurotransmitter. Anorexics act as modulators of dopaminergic transmission by activating dopamine transmission and inhibiting its re-uptake. In a specific study, phentermine, a pharmaceutical anorexic agent, produced an average weight loss of 0.87 lb. (394 gr.) per week in patients over a period of 12.4 weeks. However, phentermine produces dose-dependent toxic effects on brain dopamine in animals. PEA acts in ways similar to phentermine by enhancing dopaminergic transmission. But PEA is a natural molecule synthesized by the brain and does not produce side effects. Furthermore, PEA acts powerfully on depressive states. In this way, its suppressive action on appetite also offers the advantage of producing positive effects on mood, which in turn has further positive implications for appetite control, especially of a nervous nature.